Marc Johnson, Professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at the University of Missouri and a co-corresponding author on the study, believes the results suggest the "cryptic" mutations they identified in New York City could be linked to possible animal origins.

 

While these origins have not been verified yet, he believes one possible source could be the rats that frequent New York City's sewer system.

 

The findings are published in Nature Communications journal.

 

"For instance, we still don't know where the Omicron variant came from, but it had to come from somewhere," Johnson said.

 

"These variants are bubbling up everywhere, including Omicron, which eventually spilled into the general population and wreaked havoc. We think these weird lineages could be where the next variant of Covid-19 comes from."

 

The researchers have been sampling wastewater from 14 treatment plants in New York City since June 2020.

 

They also reached out to other researchers in the US who were doing similar work with wastewater. They observed some unusual results.

 

"They were different, but all of them had similar mutations in common at one particular location on the virus -- Q498. What's amazing is that in most of the samples from New York City, the Q in Q498 had turned into a Y, or glutamine into tyrosine. If you look at the database, there was not, and continues to not be, a human patient who has had that mutation," Johnson said.

 

The researchers noted a possible explanation could be a biological process called convergent evolution.

 

"An animal in Missouri is not going to mix with the same type of animal in New York City," said John Dennehy, a virologist and professor of biology at Queens College, City University of New York.

 

"Therefore, the evolution of the virus in each geographic area is independent of each other, but because it's the same animal, the virus looks the same in both places," he added.

 

According to Davida Smyth, the lead author, Associate Professor at Texas A&M University-San Antonio, "wastewater surveillance is fast, inexpensive and unbiased."

 

It also "has the ability to be implemented depending on resource availability in a variety of contexts, especially in areas with limited resources such as low testing and vaccine availability," Smyth said.